Struggling with Death in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay -- Papers Gilgame

Battling with Death in The Epic of Gilgamesh In the ?Epic of Gilgamesh,? Gilgamesh manages an issue that almost demolished him. He looked for after eternality so much that he put his own life on the edge. Hundreds of years after the fact, this mission joins our innovative, quick paced culture with the remote and diverse culture of Gilgamesh. Humankind presently can't seem to locate the mystery of relinquishing the possibility of everlasting life. Numerous individuals today clutch the subject of everlasting status since they discover it so hard to bid farewell to a friend or family member. Putting blossoms on graves is a well known approach to recollect the perished. Indeed, even a very long time after the individual has kicked the bucket, the relatives companions despite everything go to the gravesite to think back. Individuals think that its hard to acknowledge the way that they will never observe somebody again. They need to accept that the individual is still there. Gilgamesh had a similar issue. He made the excursion searching for his companion. He couldn?t manage the way that Enkidu had kicked the bucket. He needed him to live for eternity. Gilgamesh even went the extent that nearly yielding his life to discover him...

Role of the Brand in Developing Customer Loyalty

Job of the Brand in Developing Customer Loyalty Presentation 1.1 Nature of Assignment  · My task is about â€Å"The Role of Brand in the Development of Customer Loyalty†.  · Its the piece of MBA and it is the prerequisite of my foundation, â€Å"THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES†, for the consummation of our degree.  · The reason for venture is to decide the job of brand in the improvement of client dependability. After finish of this venture I can without much of a stretch comprehend that how brand helps in the advancement of client devotion.  · I am accomplishing take a shot at this venture to gather information and other applicable data to fabricate a connection between job of brand and client faithfulness and to demonstrate that brand assumes a significant job in the advancement of client reliability.  · It is my task which is being managed by a senior individual assigned by my organization.  · In request to make my task increasingly dependable field information will likewise be gathered and broke down.  · Data from the pre-look into on this theme will likewise be concentrated to make my venture all around structured and effectively reasonable.  · From the organization perspective my exploration work will be useful to comprehend the connection among brand and client faithfulness. 1.2 The Rationale for this Study * Literature audit has demonstrated that client dedication influences by brand. * Different work on this theme has been done which is in chapter# 2. * It is a lecture understanding that brand influences client dedication. * I will attempt to test this case the job of brand in the advancement of client unwaveringness with the assistance of this venture utilizing essential and auxiliary research. * In UK setting it would be helpful commitment towards this field. * This exploration will be useful in understanding the job of brand in the advancement of client devotion. * In nearby condition discoveries from this undertaking will be utilized in number of gatherings including organizations, researchers and furthermore specialists. 1.3 Brand In showcasing, a brand is an assortment of emotions toward a monetary maker. Sentiments are made by the collection of encounters with the brand, both straightforwardly identifying with its utilization, and through the impact of promoting, structure, and media discourse. A brand is a representative epitome of all the data associated with an organization, item or administration. A brand serves to make affiliations and desires among items made by a maker. A brand regularly incorporates an unequivocal logo, text styles, shading plans, images, which are created to speak to certain qualities, thoughts, and even character. Ideas A few advertisers recognize the mental part of a brand from the experiential angle. The experiential viewpoint comprises of the whole of all purposes of contact with the brand and is known as the brand understanding. The mental perspective, some of the time alluded to as the brand picture, is an emblematic develop made inside the psyches of individuals and comprises of all the data and desires related with an item or administration. The most pleasant way to deal with brand building thinks about the calculated structure of brands, organizations and individuals. 1.4 Brand Loyalty Brand steadfastness is a definitive objective an organization sets for a marked item. Brand devotion is a customers inclination to purchase a specific brand in an item classification. It happens on the grounds that buyers see that the brand offers the correct item highlights, pictures, or level of value at the correct cost. This observation turns into the establishment for another purchasing propensity. Essentially, customers at first will make a preliminary acquisition of the brand and, after fulfillment, will in general structure propensities and keep buying a similar brand on the grounds that the item is sheltered and natural. Brand supporters have the accompanying mentality: * â€Å"I am focused on this brand.† * â€Å"I will follow through on a greater expense for this brand over other brands.† * â€Å"I will prescribe this brand to others.† Significance of Brand Loyalty There are three primary reasons why brand devotion is significant: Higher Sales Volume The normal United States Company loses half of its clients at regular intervals, comparing to a 13% yearly loss of clients. This measurement outlines the difficulties organizations face when attempting to develop in serious situations. Accomplishing even 1% yearly development requires expanding deals to clients, both existing and new, by 14%. Diminishing client misfortune can significantly improve business development and brand steadfastness, which prompts predictable and much more noteworthy deals since a similar brand is bought more than once. Premium Pricing Ability Studies show that as brand faithfulness builds, purchasers are less touchy to value changes. By and large, they are happy to pay more for their favored image since they see some one of a kind incentive in the brand that different options don't give. Moreover, brand supporters purchase less every now and again on pennies off arrangements these advancements just sponsor arranged buys. Hold Rather than Seek Brand supporters are eager to scan for their preferred image and are less touchy to serious advancements. The outcome is lower costs for promoting, showcasing and dispersion. In particular, it costs four to six fold the amount of to pull in another client as it does to hold an old one. 1.5 Customer Loyalty At the point when a buyer finds that a specific brand is conveying the best items and administrations for him and that brands takes care of his issues with their items, he starts to distinguish that brand with a specific quality and builds up a devotion for it. Truth be told, in the event that you have a client who is focused on your image, odds are that he will pick your item or administration over the others that are accessible in the market. Client reliability assumes a significant job in making your business fruitful. On the off chance that you are equipped for holding as much as 5% of your old client base, at that point your business can grow up to 75%. Another incredible thing about your old clients who depend on you is that they will tell their companions, family and associates about your items and administrations. As such, your business will get the most ideal sort of promoting. Additionally, a client who doesn't care for your items may do some negative advertising for you, so you should be on your toes and guarantee that every one of your clients are happy with you. This will assist you with changing over your imminent clients to your customers. 1.6 The Role of Brand in the Development of Customer Loyalty So as to keep your old client base alive and steadfast towards your image. You have to have something one of a kind about your image. In the event that you can have a one of a kind component that your clients love, at that point chances are that your clients will adhere to your organization and even enlighten others regarding it. The key is to build up this USP or Unique Selling Point so as to lure the clients and keep them steadfast. On the off chance that your client knows about your USP and advantages from it, you will get a brand dedication that will be sufficient to keeps your business blasting. Client steadfastness is more than straightforward repurchasing, in any case. Clients may repurchase a brand due to situational requirements, an absence of suitable other options, or out of accommodation. Such faithfulness is alluded to as deceptive steadfastness. Genuine brand reliability exists when clients have a high relative mentality toward the brand which is then displayed through repurchase conduct. This kind of devotion can be an incredible advantage for the firm. Clients are eager to address greater expenses, they may cost less to serve, and can carry new clients to the firm. 2. Writing REVIEW To decide the job of brand in the improvement of client faithfulness a few articles have been examined. Subsequent to contemplating these articles we came to realize that how much research has been finished by various people on this theme. Past research putts light on various types of elements identified with advancement of client faithfulness that how client dedication can be estimated and how appropriately or adequately brand can be overseen and actualized. Furthermore, what models can be utilized to make a specific brand increasingly fruitful. Past research likewise clarifies that what elements are answerable for the decay of a brand. So we came to think about dedication that a clients dependability can be controlled by examining that how dully client make buying of results of a specific brand when some others options are accessible to clients. A few investigations have been led here after are the rundown of some key articles and a short depiction will be given after. 2.1 Summaries of Articles first article is about Brand Loyalty which is being concentrated by Nancy Giddens, Agricultural Extension Value Added Marketing Specialist. Brand Loyalty has been announced by some to be a definitive objective of showcasing. In promoting, brand reliability comprises of a buyers promise to repurchase the brand and can be shown by continued purchasing of an item or administration or other positive practices, for example, verbal support. Genuine brand dedication suggests that the purchaser is willing, in any event once in a while, to set aside their own wants in light of a legitimate concern for the brand. Brand steadfastness is more than straightforward repurchasing, notwithstanding. Clients may repurchase a brand due to situational limitations, an absence of feasible other options, or out of accommodation. Such reliability is alluded to as deceptive dedication. Genuine brand unwaveringness exists when clients have a high relative mentality toward the brand which is then shown through repurchase conduct. This kind of reliability can be an extraordinary advantage for the firm: clients are eager to follow through on greater expenses, they may cost less to serve, and can carry new clients to the firm. For instance, if Joe has brand devotion to Company A he will buy Company As items regardless of whether Company Bs are less expensive as well as of a higher caliber. This article is about decrease of brands by James Surowiecki. The fact of the matter is weve consistently overestimated the intensity of marking while at the same time thinking little of purchasers capacity to perceive quality. At the point when b

What Is Displacement in Psychology

What Is Displacement in Psychology Emotions Print What Is Displacement in Psychology? Learn more about this defense mechanism By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 05, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 06, 2019 laflor/Getty Images   More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Defense Mechanisms How It Works History Examples of Displacement Characteristics Sublimation What Can You Do View All Back To Top Displacement is a psychological defense mechanism in which negative feelings are transferred from the original source of the emotion to a less threatening person or object. The negative emotions elicited toward the source of the feelings are instead redirected toward a more powerless substitute. This target may take the form of a person or even an object. This defense allows the individual to act out their emotions in a way that reduces the chances of negative repercussions. Displaced aggression is one of the classic examples of this defense. When people feel angry but cannot direct that anger toward the source of their frustration, they transfer those feelings to someone or something else. A person who becomes angry at her professor, for example, may come home and take her anger out on her spouse. The spouse may, in turn, displace this anger towards their children, who then take out their frustrations on each other. Defense Mechanism When people experience negative emotions or impulses, they often look for different ways to cope with these unwanted feelings. Sometimes people are aware of themselves doing this, but in many cases, it takes place without conscious awareness. Defense mechanisms are one way of reducing anxiety and restoring balance. These defenses operate unconsciously to help reduce anxiety from things that people find threatening or unacceptable. While unconscious feelings or urges might be outside of awareness, they can still influence behavior and create anxiety for the individual. In the case of displacement, the unwanted impulses are displaced or shifted from the original source of the anxiety on to something that poses less of a threat. Reacting to the original threat might be unacceptable or even dangerous, so the person must find a less threatening subject to act as an outlet for their frustrations. How It Works Imagine that you had a bad day at work and were reprimanded by your manager. Venting your anger or frustration on your boss would not only be unwise, but it might also even lead to you losing your job. Instead, you withhold your emotions until you get home from work, where you unleash your frustrations on your unsuspecting roommate, yelling at him over a very minor irritation. Your feelings of anger are eventually released but in a rather indirect way. The consequences of yelling at your roommate are likely less severe than those of yelling at your manager or co-workers. The object or person that becomes the subject of these feelings of displacement can vary, but is usually chosen because they are less threatening or even completely powerless. If you have ever felt upset about something and subsequently taken out your negative emotions on a friend, family member, or even a complete stranger, then you have first-hand experience with this common defense mechanism. The thing to remember is that you are not consciously choosing to vent your emotions in this way. You might be feeling upset about something, when someone around you engages in the smallest action that triggers a sudden outpouring of your aggression. The triggering event, however, is usually relatively insignificant, while your reaction is completely out of proportion and over the top. Unlike the  conscious coping strategies that we use to manage daily stress, defense mechanisms operate on an entirely unconscious level. History It was Freuds daughter Anna who first described many of the most notable defense mechanisms in her book The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. She did not include displacement as one of her original defense mechanisms. She also later stated that while her original list outlined some of the more prominent defenses, she believed it was far from definitive. While not one of the original defenses described by Freud, displacement is frequently identified by subsequent thinkers as an important ego defense mechanism. In one 70-year longitudinal study, researchers found that the adaptive use of defense mechanisms such displacement was associated with better physical health later in life. The researchers suggest that the use of mature defenses plays an important role in creating solid and supportive social relationships, which then help contribute to improved health. Examples of Displacement A woman is berated by her boss at work for her poor performance during a presentation. After work, the woman stops at a local restaurant and then yells at her waitress over a small mistake on her order.You feel that your spouse has not been helping with household chores. When your children begin to whine about doing their chores, you explode in anger, yelling at them and accusing them of never helping around the house.A man is attracted to his wife’s best friend. He displaces this inappropriate desire by unconsciously developing a sexual fetish for glasses similar to the ones his wife friend wears.A woman loses her job and is concerned about being able to pay her bills. When she has trouble finding a new job, she displaces her feelings of frustration and failure on to minorities in her community, blaming them for her inability to find employment. As you can see from the previous examples, displaced anger is one of the most commonly described examples of this defense mechanism. In addition to smaller scale examples of displaced interpersonal aggression, prejudices against certain social groups are sometimes linked to this defense as well. For example, the animosity that Germans felt toward Jewish people following World War I may have been an example of displaced feelings of anger over the economic ramifications of the war. Rather than direct these feelings of anger toward their own actions or their own government, some people redirected their rage toward less-threatening targets. Characteristics While displacement serves as a way to redirect feelings, and it could result in potentially harmful events, in some cases it is not necessarily a bad thing. In a lot of instances, it serves as a way to channel emotions and urges that might be considered inappropriate into healthy outlets if we use it in a positive way. The use of defense mechanisms is common and a normal part of everyday functioning. When used appropriately, defenses such as displacement serve to protect us from negative feelings, help minimize disappointments, protect self-esteem, and manage stress levels. Such mechanisms can become problematic, however, when people rely on them too heavily or when they lead to problematic behaviors and interactions with others. Like other defense mechanisms, displacement serves to help protect us from anxiety. By hiding certain things that are stressful or unacceptable, these mechanisms minimize anxiety and protect the sense of self. Overuse of these mechanisms, however, is sometimes linked to psychological distress and poor functioning. There are many factors to consider about the use of displacement as a defense. Age Young children tend to be more direct in their feelings and are therefore more likely to express their emotions toward the original target, regardless of the appropriateness of the response. A four-year-old child, for example, is much more likely to simply yell at a parent when they are upset. A 14-year-old, on the other hand, might instead take out his frustration by fighting with his younger siblings. Intensity Highly upsetting urges or feelings might result in greater displays of emotion toward the substitute target. A highly inappropriate urge, such as a desire to hit someone, might be expressed later in the form of a highly charged emotional outburst, such as yelling at a spouse. Frequency Almost everyone has at least some experience with taking out negative emotions on a secondary target, whether it is being short-tempered with a friend or fighting a spouse. While this reaction is normal from time to time, it can cross the line into maladaptive or even abusive behavior if the person relies on this defense mechanism to deal with all of their emotional upset. Studies have found that displacement as a defense mechanism is more common in men than women. Sublimation Freud himself believed that a certain subtype of displacement known as sublimation could serve as an important source of creativity and inspiration. According to Freud, sublimation involves displacing unacceptable sexual urges toward non-sexual activities that are productive and socially acceptable. Sublimating these urges toward other pursuits such as working or creating provide an outlet for such energy in a way that is useful. What Can You Do The use of displacement as a defense mechanism is something that therapists or counselors may address over the course of psychotherapy. It is also something that you might want to look for in your own behavior. While it is not always harmful, over-reliance on this form of defense can be problematic. There are steps you can take to make sure you are using displacement in a healthy way. Assess One of the first steps is to consider actions that might be due to displacement. This can often be quite difficult. Displacement is not something that can be easily viewed, so it is often only possible to make inferences. A therapist might do this by looking for contradictions between your words, body language, or other signals and your behaviors. For example, you say that you do not mind that your spouse has to work so many late nights and weekends, but your body language and behaviors might tell another story. You might be short-tempered and irritable around your children each evening, taking out your frustrations on your kids rather than your spouse. Reflect Reflection is another strategy that therapists may use over the course of treatment to help clients recognize their own displacement. The therapist may reflect the client’s feelings back toward them, often in a way that encourages the client to consider what they are really saying. The hope is to get the client to identify some of the other concealed worries or concerns that might have played a role in his or her behavior. For example, a woman might express her anger at a co-worker. Eventually, the client might reveal one of her underlying worries: the new manager in her office does not recognize her talents and efforts. Rather than express this frustration on her boss (an inappropriate and more threatening target), she takes her frustrations out on the co-worker. Reframe Once you start to recognize instances of unhealthy displacement in your own life, the next step is to look for purposeful ways to alter your thinking and behavior. When you find yourself engaging in maladaptive behaviors that may be the result of displacement, make a conscious effort to reframe the situation and seek a healthier outlet for your feelings. For example, if you are yelling at your spouse due to the displacement of your frustrations from work, step back and take a moment to regain control. Make a conscious effort to redirect your feelings toward a more appropriate target. Alternative outlets might include writing down your feelings, engaging in physical exercise, or working out your feelings through a productive hobby. One study suggests that displacement remains poorly supported by empirical evidence. However, studies do suggest that physical and emotional arousal states tend to carry over from one situation to the next. You might restrain yourself from reacting in one setting because it would be socially inappropriate, but your emotional state remains the same in subsequent situations where you are able to react with fewer social consequences. A Word From Verywell Like other mechanisms of defense, displacement is a normal and often healthy way of coping with unconscious feelings that might otherwise result in anxiety. Unfortunately, some displaced feelings can be destructive and even damaging, particularly if you are taking out your frustrations on defenseless people around you. It is often difficult to recognize, but if you find yourself engaging in the unhealthy use of displacement, you can look for ways to deal with your feelings in more appropriate ways. Ways to Deal With Negative Emotions

A Brief Story of Yitzhak Rabin - 3806 Words

1. Introduction On the evening of November 4, 1995, it was the time to celebrate the joyfully weekend. But for the peace-loving people, particularly for the peace-loving people in Israel and Arab, it was actually a black weekend. It was precisely that evening, one of the creators of Palestinian-Israeli peace, who was known as peaceful warrior, Yitzhak Rabin, Premier of Israeli, was murdered by an assassin. The world had shocked, his imposing and heartrending life, became the focal point of the people immediately. All the peace-lovers were sorrowful for his death. They burst into tears for him, prayed for him, wished his soul to be serene in heaven. A peace dove had been gunned down; a peace warrior was falling down with several barbaric,†¦show more content†¦In July 1976, Israeli hostages on a plane hijacked. But they were rescued from Uganda by the I.D.F. This was a great success in the war with terrorists. It demonstrated that Israel refused to capitulate to terrorism. In April 1977, Yitzhak Rabin resigned as prime minister in the wake of the revelation that his wife, Leah, retained a bank account in the U.S. from the time her husband had served as ambassador there. (At the time, operating a foreign currency account was illegal under Israeli currency law.) (Yang Mansu, 2007) 2.8 As Minister of Defense In 1984, the national government of Israel agreed to elect Rabin as minister of defense, until the failure of the second unity government in 1990. One of his tasks was disengaging the I.D.F. from a war of attrition in Lebanon. The two sides of the war established a narrow zone of security in southern Lebanon. He also canceled the Lavi aircraft project which developed by Israel Aircraft Industries. Also, he cut off part of the defense budget as part of efforts to help the economy and halt inflation. In December 1987, the outburst of the Intifada (the Palestinian uprising in the occupied territories) caught Israel by surprise. Rapidly, Israel escalated to alarming proportions. Rabin initially adopted an iron-fist policy to suppress the uprising and instructed the I.D.F. to respond toShow MoreRelatedA Brief Story of Yitzhak Rabin3799 Words   |  16 Pages who was known as peaceful warrior, Yitzhak Rabin, Premier of Israeli, was murdered by an assassin. The world had shocked, his impos ing and heartrending life, became the focal point of the people immediately. All the peace-lovers were sorrowful for his death. They burst into tears for him, prayed for him, wished his soul to be serene in heaven. A peace dove had been gunned down; a peace warrior was falling down with several barbaric, evil gunshots. But Rabin, as the creator of the Middle East PeaceRead More Israel - The Presidential Brief Essay3453 Words   |  14 Pages Israel - The Presidential Brief The Current Situation In Israel And Palestine nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Israel is in a situation unlike any other country around the world. Israel has been fighting for its survival since it became a country in 1948. It is surrounded by hostile nations that want to destroy or at least diminish it. There is tremendous tension between the Palestine Liberation Members and Israeli officials and citizens. There have been peaceful rallies and bloody bus bombings.Read MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesare simultaneously corrupting the political process. 111 138 EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES 144 PANEL DISCUSSION 45 FIRST PERSON Preparing for the Perfect Product Launch James P. Hackett How come some projects fail while others succeed? This is the story of a CEO who refused to accept failures as inevitable and set up a system to prevent them. Satisï ¬ cing Don Moyer Optimizing – the art of ï ¬ nding the best choice among all choices – is a luxury we can seldom afford. 124 8 Harvard Business Review

Chinese Immigrants in America Essay - 2039 Words

After the first wave of Chinese immigrants arrived in the United States in the early 1840s during the California Gold Rush, many Chinese people continued to travel across the Pacific, escaping poor conditions in China with hopes and ambitions for a better life in America. Many more Chinese immigrants began arriving into the 1860s on the Pacific coast for work in other areas such as the railroad industry. The immigrants noticed an increasing demand for their labor because of their readiness to work for low wages. Many of those who arrived did not plan to stay long, and therefore there was no push for their naturalization. The immigrants left a country with thousands of years of a â€Å"decaying feudal system,† corruption, a growing†¦show more content†¦The growth of Chinese jobs in the California labor market did not stop there. Because of the hard times, employers found it especially attractive that the Chinese workers would work for long hours with low pay. Huge l osses hit California in 1876 with a drought; this led to unemployment across the coast including for the Chinese. Many white investors, however, used the Chinese as scapegoats for this statewide depression, fueling the anti-Chinese fire and leading to more hostility towards Chinese workers. The firsthand account of Lee Chew, a Chinese immigrant to America in the early 1880s, shows the disparities between the white man’s perception of Chinese laborers and reality as well as the hostility that arose as a result. When Lee first arrived in America, he started working as a housekeeper for a family in California, being paid $3.50 a week and being able to keep 50 cents afterwards. For Lee and other Chinese immigrants, they believed the hostility arose from jealousy in the labor market, â€Å"because he [Chinese worker] is a more faithful worker than one of their people, [and they] have raised such a great outcry about Chinese cheap labor that they have shut him [Chinese worker] o ut of working on farms or in factories or building railroads or making streets or digging sewers.† Lee’s testimony shows the common ripple effects of the working restrictions white men imposed on the Chinese immigrants looking for jobs. This resulted in ChineseShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of Chinese Immigrants In America1262 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Chinese immigrants to the U.S had many characteristics. First, the Chinese immigrants mainly came from mainland China, such as the Guangdong province. The Chinese immigrants mainly came from the Guangdong province of China because of the location of Guangdong province. The Guangdong province was close to coastal areas where Guangong people could take the boasts and migrate to America. Also, Guangdong people was far away from the Chinese governments control. Therefore, Chinese immigrants couldRead MoreChinese Immigrant Lee Chew Denounces Prejudice In America1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Chinese Immigrant Lee Chew Deno unces Prejudice in America, 1882† A Comprehensive view of Discrimination in Nineteenth Century America In â€Å"Chinese Immigrant Lee Cew Denounces Prejudice in America, 1882†, we read the account of Chinese immigrant Lee Chew who, writing in 1882, finds himself discontented with the treatment he endures as an immigrant from China. Lee Chew’s experience was not unique; the Chinese immigration experience was one that was marked by discrimination and general exploitationRead MoreWhy Did Chinese Immigrate to the United States?1053 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Chinese immigrate to the United States? After civil war had settled down, many immigrants came to America to live from many countries such as Germany, Ireland, and England. There are as many as 12 million immigrants at this time. Regarding Chinese immigration, they immigrated to the United States from 1849 to 1882. Between this period, America had California Gold Rush, which is one of the reasons Chinese people immigrated. Because the Chinese Exclusion Act was taken into practice, no moreRead MoreChinese Exclusion Act Of 18821608 Words   |  7 Pagesimpoverished Chinese to seek employment opportunities in the United States. Americans, however, did not welcome them. During the Panic of 1873, after the Gold Rush ended, competition for jobs became fierce. The jobs were mostly given to Americans. Out of desperation, the Chinese workers agreed to work for less salary than their American counterparts. Consequently, union workers rose up for their rightful jobs. With pressure from unions and anti-Chinese organizations, Congre ss passed the Chinese ExclusionRead MoreThe Struggle of Immigrants in America900 Words   |  4 Pages The Struggle of Immigrants in America The U.S has a prolonged history of discrimination. In the late 17th century, when America declared as a free country, only the white gentility had the privileged of â€Å"freedom† and African American continue their life as slaves for many decades. As the country grows, it became a dream land, a refuge for immigrations fled from their country to seek freedom and pursuit happiness. However, the gene of discriminations stuck deeply in the mind of the early foundingRead MoreAMH 2097 Paper 21345 Words   |  6 Pagesthe social hierarchy ever since they arrived to America in the 1600s. The first wave of immigration consisted of the Germans, Irish and Chinese. The WASPs created a way to measure the success of each immigrant group. They acknowledged four factors of success that would show them whether an immigrant group was successful or not. The first factor of success was how much money an immigrant had when they came to America. The more money they came to America with, the more successful they were. Another factorRead MoreEssay on Immigration to America in the Early 1900s927 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration to America in the Early 1900s In the eyes of the early American colonists and the founders of the Constitution, the United States was to represent the ideals of acceptance and tolerance to those of all walks of life. When the immigration rush began in the mid-1800s, America proved to be everything but that. The millions of immigrants would soon realize the meaning of hardship and rejection as newcomers, as they attempted to assimilate into American culture. For countless immigrants, theRead MoreEssay Racism Has Always Existed in America570 Words   |  3 PagesRacism was evident in America since the time when the puritans crossed over the Atlantic to find new meaning and life. The Native American Indians were driven out, slaughtered and later confined to a territory similar to how the Chinese workers and immigrants were during the end of 19th century. The 100,000 Chinese living in the U.S. who sailed over to accumulate some wealth and go back to China, were subject to discriminatory treatment which was mainl y due to racial difference. They had to sufferRead MoreImmigration to the United States: The German Immigrants Essay750 Words   |  3 PagesMany immigrants came to America seeking freedom, jobs, and land while others were running from famine and war. While immigrants ran from the problems of their native land, they were running into new problems in America. Americans feared the immigrants would take their jobs or have the right to vote. This fear caused discrimination against the immigrants due to their diverse backgrounds from Germany, Ireland, and China. Immigrants that came to America faced the hardship of discrimination because theyRead MoreEssay about Nativists Response to Immigration920 Words   |  4 PagesNativist’s Response to Immigration Immigrants have been seeking salvation or just new opportunities in America for hundreds of years. Even Americans originally started off as immigrants. They came to settle in this New World to seek opportunities. These types of immigrants were white, strong, leaders and felt they were superior. In the mid nineteenth century, the â€Å"new† immigrants were also welcomed. According to President Grant, these â€Å"new† immigrants were the weak, broken, and crippled people

Movie Evaluation Free Essays

Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close: An Autistic Childs Perspective Message 1: September 11, 2001:†Are you there? Hello? If you’re there darling pick up. I just tried the office, but no one was picking up. Ah, listen, something happened. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m ok. There telling us to stay where we are and wait for the firemen. I’m sure it’s fine. I’ll give you another call when I have a better idea of what’s going on. I want to let you know that I’m ok and not to worry and I’ll call again soon. This was the first of six messages on September 11 2001 that 11 year old Oscar Schell (Thomas Horn) heard from his father Thomas Schell (Tom Hanks) that were left on the answering machine as tragedy was unfolding. His father was on the 105th floor of tower one as the first plane crashed into the building. This movie is based on events that took place during the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. A young boy (Thomas Horn) named Oscar narrates the story of how the day unfolded from his point of view referring to it as â€Å"the worst day. † Oscar comes home after being released from school because of the events that were taking place. At this point he doesn’t really know what is actually happening. He continues in his routine grabbing a snack from the fridge and then pressing the play button on the answering machine. In this scene He listens to the first of six messages his father left as the events unfolded. He then turns on the television as the messages continue to play and witnesses what has happened and realizes his father is in the building. Just as the news camera captures the first tower falling Oscar falls to his knees, the pudding he got from the fridge spews everywhere and he begins to sob. This movie is categorized as a drama. Certain aspects should be within a drama and relating criteria should be established this includes first and foremost emotion, second would be a powerful message, also if the movie is based from real events, such as this one, realistic scenarios should take place and last but not least quality acting and effective casting, which go hand in hand. In a beginning scene from the movie when Oscars mother Linda Schell (Sandra Bullock) gets a phone call from her husband Thomas Schell while she is at work. You can hear the sheer panic in his voice and the chaos of distraught people in the background. Linda Schell now understands how dyer the situation is because he is in the building. She panics and tries to talk him into staying on the phone with her, they get disconnected. The viewer can easily relate to Linda’s fear and helplessness. Throughout the entire movie you can feel Oscars pain of losing his father. After â€Å"the worst day† Oscar refused to step foot in his father’s closet until one day he gathers the courage to do so. He is sorting through his father’s things when he knocks a vase off of a shelf. The vase shatters and he finds a key and believes it was a last â€Å"reconicense mission† his father created for him. He deems it necessary to continue the game they played that consisted of Oscar going on â€Å"reconicense quests† that his father would develop for him so that he would face his fears of being out in society. Loud noises, lots of people and being out in public put Oscar on edge as he has Autism and he has much trouble trying to make sense out of the simplest things in life and understanding why he can’t make sense of them, but his focus of understanding turned to his father’s untimely death. This movie does have a powerful message of how an unexpected tragedy can change lives forever. We may not have answers as to why or no complete understanding of what truly happens, but we must find a way to move on. As far as depicting real scenarios I believe this movie is right on point with one exception, Oscar was released from school as things started to take place. Before these attacks happened no one felt there was a real threat to humanity, but in a real situation such as this one, school districts, in my opinion, would not have released the children off on their own. Even if no one quite knew what was happening. It is the facilities responsibility to protect and care for those children while they are under their care. This was the only scenario I didn’t agree with. It almost gives a misconception of how schools would react, I think. Last but not least a drama should have quality acting which would foresee effective casting. Someone might seem right for the part but cannot portray the character effectively, which doesn’t make it believable or relatable. If the wrong people are casted, who aren’t quality actors, it would create a different atmosphere for the movie. It may not do so well if the characters aren’t portrayed effectively. I look for actors/actresses who have been awarded for their work and those I’m familiar with because there is a good chance the movie will be worthwhile. Overall Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close is a captivating, emotional and heartfelt movie about a boy with autism whom has just lost his father and learning to cope. With its quality acting and effective casting, powerful message and real life scenarios this movie is a must see. How to cite Movie Evaluation, Essay examples

The conventional expectations of plays that David Ives disrupts in Sure Thing

‘Sure Thing’ is a comical play by David Ives that has two characters, Bill and Betty. The setting is in a cafà © where Bill approaches Betty and initiates a conversation. The two characters have many dating problems. Bill tries many tactics in order to impress Betty, until he finally succeeds.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The conventional expectations of plays that David Ives disrupts in ‘Sure Thing’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The characters engage in a dialogue about various issues. A bell rings and they start the conversation all over again, but with different responses. However, the author does not adhere to all the conventional expectations of plays. This response aims at highlighting the extent to which the author deviates from the principles of writing plays. The plot is unusual as the author uses a sequence of interchanging situations. The characters engage in different dialogue but in the same situation to come up with a different outcome each time. These scenarios are distinguished by the ringing of a bell between them. The characters are only two and they don’t change the setting. They remain in the cafe throughout the play. The play evoked emotions of sympathy for Bill who unsuccessfully tries several times to get Betty to like him. Betty is rude and cold towards him, for instance, when she says ‘I just wanted to read in quiet, if you don’t mind’. (Ives par 5).The statement ‘Amazing how you can live right next door to somebody in this town and never even know it’ is made by Billy to Betty. This statement is enlightening as it reminds us about how we relate with our neighbors in our daily lives. People living in towns are very engrossed in their businesses and forget important things like forging friendships with neighbors. It challenges us to maintain good social relationships with our neighbor s. (Ives par 16).The decision that Betty makes to accept and love Billy is relieving to the audience as he has gone through a lot of trouble trying to impress her. In this play, I identify with Bill because he is nervous and ends up saying the wrong things as he tries to impress Betty. For instance, he confuses ‘the Sound and the Fury to be Hemingway’s work instead of Faulkner’s. (Ives par 6).This play presents situations that happen in everyday dating life. As I went through the play, I had the impression that Betty was a cold, rude, and snobbish girl. But as I proceeded on, I realized that she is humorous, lively and sociable, as she opens up to Billy and the two engage in a very vivacious dialogue. The play ‘Variations on the Death of Trotsky’ is very similar to ‘Sure Thing’ because it uses the same plot of changing the goings-on in the same situation. In ‘Variations on the Death of Trotsky’, David Ives presents eight dif ferent scenarios depicting different last moments of Trotsky’s life. There is also the use of bells between the scenes. The two plays are also very humorous. This kind of plot is very effective for comical plays.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Play ‘Sure Thing’ is absolutely hilarious and informative as it portrays the normal things that people go through in life in a comical way. The ringing of the bell takes the characters back in time so that they can begin the conversation afresh and correct the statements that they had made previously. The audience is entertained as they are taken through a world of fantasy where people can be given a second chance to rearticulate their statements. Works Cited Ives, David. â€Å"Sure Thing.† Youtube, 1988. 4 Nov. 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embeddedv=XliV9M7-If4 This critical writing on The conventional expectations of plays that David Ives disrupts in ‘Sure Thing’ was written and submitted by user Colonel America to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Some say diamonds are a girls best friend my best Essays - Beauty

Some say diamonds are a girl's best friend my best Essays - Beauty Some say diamonds are a girl's best friend my best friend is make up. I started wearing makeup at the age of 10. You might be thinking "whoa that's a young age but as early as about the 4th grade I started getting acne scaring. I'm 18 now and have gotten comfortable. with makeup, I've used so many different brands and products that I know can decide if something is a good buy or not. Many people who are not regular make up wearers may struggle on what to buy as far as brand and quality; I am here to help. To some people makeup is like a foreign language. UN experienced makeup users usually make the mistake of buying a lot of low quality makeup product from the local grocery store instead of the mall. High end makeup in most cases is better than drugstore makeup. The qualities in high end makeup I appreciate are the foundation color ranges, color pigmentation of eye shadows and blushes and the photo quality. High end makeup is easily surpassing drug store make up. the first thing you want to look at when you are deciding which one to buy is the color range and accuracy. For women of color often time we have trouble matching ourselves to a foundation color. when you shop high end foundation Sephora has a range of brands that carry many different shades and brands. There are many high-end brands with a broad spectrum of colors in Sephora are Makeup Forever, Kat Von Lock It Foundation, Nars, Giorgio Armani, and many more. The shade and undertone of the foundation can be chosen just to fit you as well, which is very vital when you want the best fit. Often people get the right shade of make up with the wrong undertone and look like a red-hot pepper or an oom-pah Loompa. When shopping high end, there is usually a clerk or makeup artist there to advise you on what is best for your skin wither that be brand, shade or coverage. For example, I used to wear mac but I went into Sephora and I told t hem the issues I was having with my mac foundation so what they did was matched me with a quality foundation which in my case is Kat von D. The process in a high-end beauty store makes shopping very Hassel free and there are so many options that you're guaranteed to get what you need. Lip stick, eye shadows, and blush are all things that need to have good pigmentation to be good products. When you get high end makeup the pigments of the shades will be so rich that is will make your heart melt and your eyes water with joy. When the pigmentation is good it good little goes along way. By using more pigmented products you can use less each use because a little will go a long way. When you shop high end, you are liable to find a lot higher quality liquid lipsticks such as Kat von D, Stella, Laura Mercier, Burberry, Giorgio Armani, and many more. You will also find very pigmented eye shadows. A great benefit when you shop for high end shadows are a lot of times you can create your own eye shadow pallet by choosing your own eye shadow trays (Anastasia Beverly hills makes that and option and so does Sephora). I use urban decays' eye shadow pallets and I know that too faced has beautiful eyeshadow as well. When it comes to lipsticks I use kit von d's liquid lipstick, Seph ora's collection of lipstick, smash box lipstick and Anastasia Beverly hills lipstick.; all those lipsticks were creamy, did not dry my lips out at all, and lasted all day. So, in this case eyeshadow blushes and lipsticks are better off purchased in high end stores if you want the best quality. The last thing that is highly important thing is that high end makes up (when it's the right shade and blended) does not typically flash back. When you're out with your friends or a guy you always want to make sure that the foundation you purchase is good quality and doesn't flash

Talking About Future Events in Spanish

Talking About Future Events in Spanish It would be natural to assume that if you want to talk in Spanish about something that will happen in the future, that you would use the future tense of the verb. However, as in English, there are other ways of telling about future events. The difference is that in Spanish, those other ways of expressing the future are so common that the future tense frequently is used for purposes other than discussing the future. Here, then, and are the three most common ways of telling about future events. Using the Present Tense As in English, and especially in colloquial use, the present tense can be used when discussing an upcoming event. Salimos maà ±ana, we leave tomorrow (or, we will leave tomorrow). Te llamo esta tarde, Im calling (or, I will call) you this afternoon. In Spanish, the time period needs to be indicated (either directly or by the context) when using the present tense to refer to the future. The present future is used most often for events that are happening in the near future and that is certain or planned. Ir A and  Infinitive   A very common way of expressing the future is to use the present tense of ir (to go), followed by a and the infinitive. It is the equivalent of saying going to ... in English and is used in basically the same way. Voy a comer, I am going to eat. Va a comprar la casa, he is going to buy the house. Vamos a salir, we are going to leave. This usage of ir a is so common that it is sometimes thought of by some speakers as the future tense, and in some areas, it has all but replaced the conjugated future tense for talking about the future. This way of expressing the future has the advantage that it is extremely easy to learn. Simply learn the present indicative tenses conjugation of ir, and youll have it mastered. The Conjugated Future Tense When used to talk about the future, the conjugated future tense is the equivalent in English of saying will followed by the verb. Saldremos maà ±ana, we will leave tomorrow. Comerà © la hamburguesa, I will eat the hamburger. This use of the future tense is probably more common in writing than in everyday speech.

Personal & organization development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal & organization development - Essay Example mmunication skills, time management skills and team work skills with the aim of ensuring that I am able to perform my activities in a competent manner. According to my preferred career objectives as well as goals, my career mission statement is to develop analytical competencies and knowledge for a better sustainable as well as competent future career in the field of financial management. I want to build my career in the finance sector working as a financial analyst. In this regard, I preferred to join Museum of Islamic Arts (MIA), a renowned museum in Qatar as a Financial Affairs Officer. I believe that working as a Financial Affairs Officer in the organisation will facilitate me in developing my knowledge as well as competencies towards a better future career and professional life. My association with MIA will facilitate me in developing my communication skills as well as teamwork efficiencies that are essential for building my overall competency level. Considering that the job market of Qatar has been developing in a rapid pace and in a sustainable manner, working in MIA will be fruitful in developing my skills and knowledge in the financial management field so that I am capable of performing the various job activities in a competent manner. The targeted career scope in MIA will also facilitate me in making better decisions and to be innovative and creative in performing the various tasks. Working as a Financial Affair Officer in MIA will facilitate me in developing my financial analytical skills and also enhancing my interpretation skills, which are highly valued in this field of operations. In this long run, I will also be facilitated with the opportunity of developing my time management skills. Additionally, the developed skills and knowledge in relation to financial field will facilitate me in acquiring better job opportunities in the developing job market segment of Qatar. Furthermore, in the long run, I will be able to make effective decisions,

Marketing Ethics at Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Ethics at Apple Inc - Essay Example Both of them left college without graduating in order to launch their dream company. Owing to the fact that they did not have enough capital to buy offices, they started by working out in a garage. The idea that there were two young people who so believed in what they were able to create that they even left university to do it is what inspires so many people about Apple. Steve Jobs is still viewed by many as the genius who literally inspired many people to begin to love computers. Jobs was behind Apple’s first technological marvels such as Macintosh, Apple brand, and Power Mac computers (Lashinsky 2012). Apple Computer’s iconic advertisement that ran during the 1984 Super Bowl so inspired people that they actually snatched fliers from Apple’s representatives at the end of the games (Lashinsky 2012). Apple’s profile suffered a momentary lapse shortly after the success of Macintosh when Steve Jobs left the company after a power struggle (O'Grady 2009). His return, more than 10 years later, marked another period of prosperity for Apple. People began to associate Apple’s success with Steve Jobs. In 2001, Apple launched the Apple iPod. The ingenuity of this device had other electronics companies scrambling and trying to produce duplicates of it that had more operations than Apple’s model. None, though, was considered by the public to be as good as the original. Many attribute Apple’s success to the extraordinary crea tivity of its late CEO Steve Jobs. When he succumbed to cancer in 2011, many technology experts were convinced that Apple would never be able to find another like him. Good Marketing Ethics at Apple Inc. Throughout its existence, Apple has tried to make sure that its workers always exhibit the appropriate conduct in all circumstances. It believes that it owes its success to the creation of high-quality and innovative products as well as the demonstration of uprightness in every business transaction (Shaw 2003). Apple holds that respect, honesty, compliance and confidentiality are the qualities that denote business integrity (Linzmayer 2004). To include these values into its workforce, Apple has outlined a code of conduct that is observed in all its branches worldwide. It has also availed more detailed policies that concern conflict of interest, corporate governance, and rules on how to report any instances of questionable conduct (Lashinsky 2012). Furthermore, Apple offers its worke rs a Business Conduct Helpline through which they can testify on any misconduct to the corporation’s Audit and Finance team. To stress on its pledge to ensure dependable supplier conduct, Apple issues a yearly Apple Supplier Responsibility statement that clarifies its audit conclusions, supplier expectations and the remedial actions the corporation will take against foreign branches where violations have taken place (Lashinsky 2012). Apple commodities are intended to have a lengthier lifespan as the hardware is created from sturdy materials such as aluminum and recyclable glass. The operating system is created to be useful even after years of being in the market (Alas, Ennulo and Turnpuu 2006). Owing to this fact, Apple’s commodities do not have to be replaced as often as those of other electronics corporations. This leads to fewer products being consumed, and less demand put on the large-scale workforce. If demand as well as world population were to decrease, Apple ma nufactured goods would be the primary products to be ethically sustainable due to the fact that they can be created by workers who are not overburdened with work or live in cramped quarters (Lashinsky 2012).

Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice Essay -- Media Stereotypes S

Stereotypes, Discrimination and Prejudice If a young girl is walking alone through a park late at night and encounters three senior citizens walking with canes and three teenage boys wearing leather jackets, it is likely that she will feel threatened by the latter and not the former. Why is this so? To start off, we have made a generalization in each case. By stereotyping, we assume that a person or group has certain characteristics. Often, these stereotypical generalizations are not accurate. We are succumbing to prejudice by ?ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the total facts?1. Usually, we have stereotypes about persons who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. We regularly make these stereotypical generalizations based on experiences we have had ourselves, seen in movies or television, read about in books and magazines, or have had related to us by family and friends. Though all these are equally significant roots for the stimulation of stereotypes, media however, is the giant force. Media propaganda is one of the main functions of society that projects stereotypical opinions or perceptions. One of the most powerful forces, propaganda in the media combined with stereotypes often act together to accomplish a homogenized and often misleading view about society and its people. Stereotype ? a conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image about groups of people on the basis of limited information. ?Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all abundant sources of stereotyped characters?2. Sometimes what we see on a certain television show, hear from someone or read about in a particular article, we form a ... ...). CNN.com. Online at: , consulted on March 28th, 2004. 8) ?After the Attack?The War on Terrorism? (2001). Online at: , consulted on March 29th, 2004. 9, 10) ?War, Propaganda and the Media? (2003). Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004. 11, 12) ?Conflicted Feelings About the Capture of Saddam? (2003). Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004. 13, 14) ?Hypocrites of America Crying Foul? (2003). Online at: , consulted on March 31st, 2004. Dictionary.com. Online at: , consulted on March 30th, 2004.

Families Play an Important Role in the Future of a Child Essay

Susan Lieberman, a Ph.D. psychologist, once said, â€Å"Family traditions counter alienation and confusion. They help us define who we are; they provide something steady, reliable and safe in a confusing world.† It is true, that families indeed play an important role in the future of a child. Families nurture a child, and mould him or her into who they become in the future. Families are the support and backing of a child, and how they are going to identify and pursue their dreams and largely depend on their family of origin. A child is shaped through beliefs and values that his or her family holds about the world and that are based on family member’s experiences. Without a family, a child would be relinquished of the chance to be guided and nurtured, and their future would be bleak and unclear. In today’s modern society, a child’s family moreover consists of their mother and father, and perhaps a sibling or two. A child’s parents are the ones supporting the family, leaving for work at first light, and only returning in the late evening. They are too kept up in the hectic working lifestyle, and ultimately are incapable of making time to spend with their children. The children, in turn, are unable to share with someone about their day’s activities, and lack the opportunity to be guided and taught the right values and behavior they should uphold and portray in their lives. This could be highly detrimental to a child, as they are not given a chance to experience a family’s love and warmth, and they will grow cold and distant. To illustrate this point, the child, as he or she grows older, may turn to their friends who may be a bad influence on them, or may turn to substances such as drinking, smoking or takings drugs, so as to fill that void of family in their hearts. Consequently, the child has already been guided away from the bright future they would have if it weren’t for his or her absent family. Their future would look bleak and hopeless. Conversely, a child who has experienced parental and family love would be able to uphold the proper values in life. They would be able to tell right from wrong, as they would have been guided and taught by their parents’ past experiences. Their beliefs and thinking can be reinforced and justified, and they will be put on the right path to pursue their future. As stressed in the quote above, families help a child define who we are; they provide something steady, reliable and safe in a confusing world. The role families’ play in the future of a child is extremely crucial, as it is the deciding factor of what a child believes in and also their ability to tell apart right from wrong in our confusing world. Statistics show that children raised in families do better if their parents stay together than if they divorced. This highlights the importance of the role families play in the future of their child. If there is a divorce between a child’s parents, the child could be too distraught and traumatised by the separation and the feeling of having to accept that he or she would never have a proper family ever again. It can be severely detrimental to the child and he or she may not be able to focus properly on their studies, and can even withdraw from their social circle. With failing studies, the child will lose the chance to have a bright future, and may eventually get influenced by their surroundings to take substances in order to cope with their loss. Hence, this proves the importance of having a whole family. Only with a proper and loving family can a child prosper and grow into a beautiful person he or she is meant to be in the future. A child in a family should never be neglected. Without adult supervision and with the lack of care and concern showered upon a child, he or she may feel neglected and unloved, that his or her presence means nothing to their family, that they are unwanted. This could lead to the mental thought that they are unwanted, or in extreme cases, depression. This shows how important a role family plays in the future of a child. Family gives a sense of security to the child, that no matter what happens, their family will always be there to support them and nurture them. If such a feeling is stripped from them, they can be led astray from the right path. Families definitely play a big part in the upbringing and the future of a child. They lead the child down the right path, and are always watching over them, ready to correct their mistakes and teach them the correct values they should have. A family gives a child a sense of belonging and a sense of love toward each other.

Prevalence Of Gender Bias In Mauritian Legal Profession Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5615 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Gender Equality Essay Gender Essay Did you like this example? The Historical Exclusion of Women from the legal profession- A Global Perspective. History is rich in its depictions of old professions, their evolution with time and the way they are shaped presently. Dynamic societies, changing demographics, increased access to education, change in perceptions on gender roles, transformations of the law- all these have revolutionized todays professions. Now, women are allowed to gain entry into professions that were hitherto barred to them. Studying womens progression is crucial because of the rarity of such studies. This historical examination will create an adequate context for understanding womens professional employment in the past, the present and pave the way for an improved future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prevalence Of Gender Bias In Mauritian Legal Profession Law" essay for you Create order Hence, the previously male-dominated legal profession, and its historical exclusion of women, will be the focal point of this part of the research. In so doing, a case study will be presented on the United States, the United Kingdom and Mauritius. Noteworthy are the major hurdles faced by women in achieving entry into the legal profession: First, decades ago, special legislation was needed in many countries to open the doors to women. Secondly, women had moderate difficulty in obtaining financial and family support to initiate their legal studies. Third, after acquiring the legal status to plead in court, the fight for employment ensued. Then, after many years of struggle, personal qualifications started to count more than social status or gender. Finally the last hurdle was to quash the latent belief that women were not fit for the hardships of legal work. Case Study: The United States In the America of the 1800s the legal profession, similarly to medicine and politics, was closed to women. The quote below sheds light on the situation: Nature has tempered women as little for the judicial conflicts of the courtroom as for the physical conflicts of the battlefieldÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ OurÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ profession has essentiallyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ to do with all that is selfish and extortionate, knavish and criminal, coarse and brutal, repulsive and obscene in human life. It would be revolting to all female sense of innocence and the sanctity of their sex. (Chief Justice Ryan of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, opposing admitting Lavinia Goodell to the bar, 1895, cited in Epstein, 1993, p. 269) Despite Justice Ryans vivid language, the reasons for mens resistance to women lawyers likely has to do with the laws close relationship to power in our society.(Morello, 1986, cited in Martin and Jurik, 2007, p. 107) According to Epstein (1993, p. 13): members of the legal elite preside over power and property relationships; they play a leading role in the legislative and regulative bodies that write the law; they direct the executive agencies responsible for enforcing the law; they rule the courts that elaborate and apply the law and, they guide the corporate and financial institutions that constitute the most important property interests. Exclusion of women from the legal practice was thus successful up until late 19th century. Then, the early womens movements struggle for civic rights started the mechanism for change- Women were allowed to become legal professionals and they pushed for the professionalization of the legal practice. Schultz and Shaw (2003, p. 13) underline that: Social status as a base for admittance was discarded, allowing formal qualifications to be the ultimate criterion for entry. This led to an increasing proportion of lawyers with formal education. The history of the struggle of women in the United States to enter the legal profession was similar to womens struggles in England, other commonwealth nations and Europe. Case Study: England Guyard Nedelec (2010) certifies that in the United Kingdom, the first application by a woman to be admitted as a solicitor was in the year 1876. Her application was rejected by the Law Society on the grounds that she was not a person within the terms of the Solicitors Act 1843. For Lord Justice Swinfen Eady, in the case of Bebb V. Law Society 1914 1 Ch. 286: the very fact that women had never been solicitors meant that women could not be solicitors. Three decades later, lobbies and public debates wrought a significant change in Britains legislation. In 1919, the Sex Discrimination (Removal) Act was passed, allowing women to be termed as persons. Conductively, England and Wales began to admit a limited number of women around the 1920s. However, Guyard Nedelec , (2010) reports they were only allowed to practice in restricted areas such as family law, matrimonial and probate work. Decades later, around the 1970s, a number of factors caused women to be admitted to the bar in increasing numbers. First, formal education training became the main requirement for entry into law, rather than apprenticeship, and secondly, structural changes led to a rise in the demand for lawyers. (Schultz and Shaw, 2003, p. 143) The table below depicts the historical milestones marking the Entry of Women into the Legal Professions Country First Woman Admitted to Law Faculties First Woman Law Student Graduated First Woman Lawyer First Woman Judge First Woman Legal Academic USA 2nd half of 19th Century 2nd half of 19th Century Canada 1899 Northwest Territories 1892 Ontario 1895 Quebec 1942 Australia Victoria 1905 Tasmania 1935 1st Supreme Court Judge 1965, 1st High Court Judge 1975 New Zealand 1893 1897 1st Maori 1982 1st Pacific Islander 1982 1965 1st Law Lecturer UK 1873 1917 Solicitors: Scotland 1920 England 1922 Barristers: 1920 Country Court 1960, Court of Appeal 1988 Germany 1900-1909 1912 1922 1965 1st Law Professor Netherlands 1903 1947 Poland 1915 1925 1929 Norway 1890 Sweden 1897 Finland 1906 1930s France 1887 1897 1900 1946 1931 1st Law Professor Italy 1876 1777 1919 1963 Korea 1946 1951 1952 Belgium 1921 Denmark 1919 Ireland 1920 Portugal 1918 Venezuela 1936 Table 1, Source: Schultz and Shaw, 2003, p. xxxiv With the table above, it can be seen that countries like Canada (Ontario) admitted women to the Bar as early as 1895, whereas in South Korea it took until the year 1952 to find women in the occupation. The History of Female Lawyers in the Mauritian Legal System Mauritius obtained its independence in 1968. The Constitution which guarantees equal rights to both genders, made it possible for women to gain entry in the legal practice. All the evidences demonstrate that Mauritian women, unlike their American and English counterparts, did not have to struggle for entry into law practice. Besides the supreme law of the country, legislative provisions have also been enacted to ensure equal rights of entry to law. Section 4 of the Legal Practitioners Act entails that any citizen of Mauritius who has been called to the Bar of England and Wales may apply for admission to practice as a barrister. In this context, the first female lawyer in the Mauritian Legal System, Mrs Pillay, was appointed during the late 1960s, whilst the second, Mrs Anita Kumari Bacha, was admitted in 1971. Mrs Bacha, now retired, accorded this research an interview in order to bring light to the situation of female lawyers at that time. [Refer to Appendix A] In Mrs Bachas opinion, no gender discrimination existed when she was practicing law- female members were treated equally. Her promotion as both prosecutor and magistrate substantiates her disagreement on any inequality shrouding the legal system. However after further probing, she admitted that a male magistrate once qualified her as indecent when she appeared to plead in court in her maternity clothes. Moreover, she deplored the way slang terms were allowed to be pronounced in court by counsels. She ascertains that one lawyer in question resorted to the use of crude language to destabilize female counsels and to distress female victims. She believes that women should be aware of this fact before choosing a career in law. Finally she pointed that there are softer areas of the law where women can find themselves at ease. These are family law, adoption law, magistracy and judicial posts. The situation of female lawyers at the time is therefore a subjective matter. It is difficult to attribute a definitive yes or no to the question of the predominance of gender discrimination. A study of the number of male and female lawyers could probably give more light to this research. The table below gives a numerical depiction of the amount of lawyers admitted for practice at the Bar in Mauritius. Year Men Women Total % Women 1950-1960 6 0 6 0 1961-1970 6 1 6 16 1971-1980 40 2 42 5 1981-1990 27 6 33 18 1991-1992 16 2 18 11 1992-1993 0 0 0 0 1993-1994 5 0 5 0 1994-1995 15 2 17 11 1995-1996 10 0 10 0 1996-1997 5 5 10 50 1997-1998 8 2 10 20 1998-1999 5 4 9 44 1999-2000 8 4 12 33 2000-2001 11 4 15 26 2001-2002 9 8 17 47 2002-2003 9 5 14 35 2003-2004 13 10 23 43 2004-2005 20 8 28 28 2005-2006 20 13 33 39 2006-2007 15 12 27 44 2007-2008 23 6 29 20 2008-2009 19 18 37 48 2009-2010 17 7 27 25 Total 307 119 426 28% Table 2, Source: Supreme Court Library as at 17th June 2010 No prescribed pattern can be ascribed to the above data. The amount of women over the years has shown a propensity to change drastically from one year to the other. For instance in 1994-1995 there were 11% of women and the following year 1995-1996 had none. The figures change around the 21st century. Possible factors that can account for the increase in female professionals are: The increase in demand for lawyers, free access to education, increase in standard of living; All these factors helped in shaping the demographics of the legal profession. The amount of women has now reached 28% which is more than the amount of women in the Mauritian Parliament of today. A comparison can be drawn to other countries:- Country % Lawyers USA (2000) 27 Canada (1999) 32 Australia (1994-1995) 24.7 UK (1998) 34 Israel (2000) 34 Germany (2000) 24.6 Netherlands (1993) 30 Poland (1998) Advocates- 29.5 In-house Advisers- 49.3 France (1999) 45 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) 37.87 Japan (1991) 5.9 South Korea (1998) 1.9 New Zealand (1999) 29 Finland (2000) 43 Table 3, Source: Schultz and Shaw, 2003, p. xxxvi The above data displays an average of one quarter to one third women in the worlds legal jurisdictions. Though, in Brazil, France and Finland, the share of women lawyers is considerably higher. South Korea and Japan show the lowest rates, mainly because of the persistent exclusionary strategies preventing womens participation in law. We will now investigate whether contemporary patterns of inequality exist in the Mauritian legal system. The following themes will be explored: (B) Does womens greater presence improve the legal institution? (C) What are gender stereotypes and what are their effects on female law practitioners? (D) Women lawyers career prospects in Mauritius: Private and Public Sector Glass Ceilings and Income Differentials Family Responsibility Sexual Harassment Senior Counsel Nominations (e) Recommendations Does womens greater presence improve the legal institution? One of the ultimate debates surrounding women in the legal profession has this question as its centerpiece: Do women change the legal profession, or does the legal profession change them? Solimine and Wheatley (1995, cited in Martin, Reynolds and Keith, 2002) argue that: Womens participation will not alter the system or affect how justice is done because the system is guided by objective, gender-neutral laws and practices, in accord with the classical model of judging. Furthermore, many scholars question the claim that the legal institution is substantively and in practice a male and masculine institution that moots womens presence and influence. (Mackinnon, 1987, cited in Martin, Reynolds and Keith, 2002, p.667) On the other side of the coin, McKinnon (1987), Pateman (1989) and Kenney (1995), cited in Martin Reynolds and Keith (2002) dispute that: Since the system was created by men, based on a concept of citizen as men, with laws written from mens standpoint, the ability to take womens standpoint fully into account is undermined. Therefore, womens standpoint, as quoted above can be defined as an intuitive ability for affection and an innate rejection of violence. In a book entitled: Gender trials: emotional lives in contemporary law firms, Pierce (1958, p. 103) wrote on a character in Shakespeares Merchant of Venice. Portia, a female character, disguises herself as a male judge in an attempt to bring the plea for mercy into the halls of justice. She rejected the adversarial method employed where one party loses and the other wins- arguing instead for a solution where none of the parties will be harmed. Carol Gilligan. (1982, p.105) refers to Portias stance as an illustration of morality based on what she calls an ethic of care. However, Gilligan has stated that she did not present the care perspective as either biologically determined or unique to women (1986, p. 327, cited in Schultz and Shaw, 2002) Nevertheless, her research has been seen and used to support that there exists a distinctive and natural (Freyer, 1995, p.201, cited in Schultz and Shaw, 2002, p. 193) female approach to moral problemsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ [Which] even if the product of male oppression may be deployed to disrupt and reform patriarchal structures and discourses. To endorse the above, Ms Narghis Bundhun, a leading female lawyer in Mauritius, expounded in her interview (Appendix B) that women lawyers, in my opinion, are better listeners and more ethical in their practice of law. Thus there are debates that confirm or reject the women will change the institution thesis. The task is to find whether women lawyers participation will create an innovation and transformation of the practice of law. (Menkel-Meadow 1989:198-9, cited in Schultz and Shaw, 2002, p. 193) To find a corollary, extensive research has to be carried out. However cost and time constraints defy the feasibility of such a research in this dissertation- justifying the need to consider another researchers conclusion: Carrie Menkel Meadow (1995, p. 34-5) found through her research that women lawyers: may be more likely to adopt less confrontational, more meditational approaches to dispute resolutionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ women will be more sensitive to clients needs and the interests of those who are in relation to each other, for example clients families or employeesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ women employ less hierarchical managerial stylesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ are more likely to have social justice or altruistic motives in practicing lawÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ and to develop greater integration between their work and family lives. Gender Stereotypes and their effect on female law practitioners What is meant by the term Gender Stereotype? Stereotyping forms part of the human nature. It helps in categorizing the people around us- making life simpler. However it can have a particularly egregious effect on women. (Cook and Cusack, 2010, p. 1) Interestingly, women themselves may be socially conditioned to absorb negative stereotypes about themselves and to fulfill the subordinate, passive role they consider appropriate to their status. For instance in an article by News On Sunday in 2010, it was outlined that 61% women work as clerks or sales persons and only 19% of them work as legislators, professionals and semi-professionals according to the Central Statistics Office. In its concluding comments on Mauritius, The Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 2006 wrote: The committee is concerned about the persistence of patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and society, where men are still considered the main breadwinners and womens primary responsibility are still household chores. When societies ignore the existence of such prejudices it may exacerbate a climate of impunity with respect to violation of womens rights. (Cook and Cusack, 2010, p. 1) Thus, naming a gender stereotype and identifying its harm is critical to its eradication. Harms of gender stereotypes can take the form of: Degrading women or diminishing their dignity, and/or Denying them justified benefits or imposing unjust burdens. How do gender stereotypes affect women legal practitioners? In the ABA Commission on Women in the Legal Profession (2001, p. 15), it is said that: The characteristics traditionally associated with women are at odds with many characteristics traditionally associated with professional success such as assertiveness, competitiveness and business judgement. Some lawyers and clients still assume that women lack sufficient aptitude for complex financial transactions or sufficient combativeness for major litigation. Women can as a result be recipients of negative gender constructions. Being too feminine can lead to being qualified as too soft. Being assertive can be perceived as too aggressive. Therefore, gender bias can take an omnipresent form in the livelihoods of female lawyers. They experience pressing needs, namely: The need to socialize and work for long hours, The need to be as competent as men, The need to dress like men in sober suits, The need to face reluctance of some clients to deal with female lawyers, The need to espouse masculine and feminine styles when convenient, and The need to face possible criticism when their assertiveness is graded as aggressiveness. One anonymous female commercial property lawyer, cited in Shultz and Shaw (2003, p. 199), wrote in some detail of the pressure she experienced: I think there is still definitely a view that women are not as strong as men. So with colleagues you always have to appear totally confident and positive- wear a smile and be a superhuman professional- and never talk about problems in your private life- that would be weak. And clients often test you too. I am tough, assertive, and meticulous in preparation, to counter all that. You have to be, because of womens reputation for weakness. Men also tend to confirm womens fears. An interview with a successful Mauritian male senior lawyer [Appendix C] brought the following: Women in general are not seen working as hard as men, in the field of criminal law, from dawn to dusk in and outside the courtroomÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ thus it is justified for them not to be nominated as Senior Counsels. Moreover, in Shultz and Shaw a male insolvency practitioner interviewed in 1999 said: Clients definitely prefer males in my experienceÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ and I notice too that particular judges when faced with a woman on the other side would nearly always decide against herÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Whether judges really write judgements by adhering to pre-conditioned stereotypes is beyond the scope of this part of the study. An analysis of this question will be carried out in the next part. Ms Gariboo,[Appendix D] a Principal State Attorney in the Attorney Generals Office, said in her interview that she has not been part to, nor seen any overt forms of gender discrimination. However she noticed evident methods of gender stereotyping, where male lawyers would confer tasks upon their female colleagues such as doing secretarial duties [taking notes during meetings] or making tea. Further, Ms Gariboo condemned the way women lawyers were not allowed to wear traditional clothing such as churidars and sarees- Thereby fixing the habitus of the legal profession. Her last two observations were: no male lawyers ever attended the Gender Policy meetings as ascribed in every ministry department, in order to promote gender equality, and Women who are too womanly are not taken seriously and women who are prettier are treated more kindly by male lawyers. This creates the problem for women of knowing when to hide their difference and when to assert it. Thus as the respondents described above, women find themselves in a tricky situation. Conformity may cause professional alienation when women are deemed too manly. On the other side, non-conformity brings its individual sanctions of not earning due respect for being too feminine. Yet, for one woman, the fact that she had to adopt different personas and employ different skills depending on the situation she was in and the people she was with was part of the attraction of the job. She wrote: especially as a woman, I think, you have to act; sometimes hard and aggressive, sometimes soft. I quite enjoy it in factÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ being attractive and a chameleon. (Schultz and Shaw, 2003, p.200-1) Consequently, a womans success in the legal practice may depend on a reflexive ability to change her mannerisms intuitively and quickly, so as to prevent negative gender constructions by the legal environment she evolves in. Women Lawyers Career Prospects in Mauritius Private and Public Sector The legal profession in Mauritius is divided into two branches, barristers and solicitors. It is not possible to be qualified as both at the same time. Traditionally, barristers are self-employed and have an exclusive right of audience in higher courts. Solicitors on the other hand are instructed by lay clients and may instruct a barrister if required. Barristers and Solicitors per the Legal Practitioners Amendment Act 2008, work together in Chambers to share administrative costs. Mauritian barristers must be members of the Bar Council while Mauritian solicitors have a legal obligation to form part of the Law Society. The private sector therefore includes all the barristers and solicitors who are not employed by the government. The public sector on the other hand comprises of The Attorney Generals Office, also referred to as the State Law Office or the Parquet. Under its aegis are the offices of the Solicitor General and the offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Table below shows the amount of men and women lawyers employed in the Public Sector in 2010 Post/Grade No. of Men Employed No. of Women Employed Total Solicitor General 1 1 DPP 1 1 Parliamentary Counsel 1 1 Deputy Solicitor General 1 1 Assistant Solicitor General 2 2 4 Chief Legal Secretary 1 1 Assistant Parliamentary Counsel 1 1 2 Chief State Attorney 1 1 Principal State Attorney 1 1 2 Principal State Counsel 2 3 5 State Counsel 2 11 13 Senior State Attorney 1 3 4 Curator of Vacant Estates 1 1 State Attorney 1 5 6 Legal Research Officer 3 3 Legal Assistant (Cadre) 1 1 Chief Legal Assistant 1 1 Principal Legal Assistant 2 2 Senior Legal Assistant 1 1 2 Legal Assistant 1 10 11 Total 17 46 63 Table 4, Source: Ministry of Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare, Statistics Office In the above data, 26% of the legal professionals working in the government are male. The rest, that is, 74% consists of women. The table has included both temporary employees as well as trainees. The propensity of having more female lawyers in the public sector has been explained by Schultz and Shaw. Women legal practitioners are said to prefer working in softer areas of the law which can bring a flexible timetable and be adapted to their family responsibilities. Furthermore, they are more likely to be encouraged to concentrate on matters of lower visibility, profile and financial rewards, whereas men are more inclined (as well as encouraged) to focus on work which offers prestige and better opportunities to develop legal skills and client contact. When interviewing a male senior barrister [Appendix C], the message that he conveyed was that according to him: women succeed rarely in criminal law. They should perhaps choose other fields more appropriate to them. Some female lawyers also share this belief and they may be right or wrong. Glass Ceilings and Income Differentials Martin and Jurik (2007, p. 145) exhort that women face a glass ceiling, or a limit on opportunities to climb beyond certain lower steps on the career ladder. Glass Ceilings, or Sticky Floors, as scholars describe, prevent women from reaching higher echelons in a profession. This invisibility of women at the top legal positions in Mauritius has been deplored by Mrs. Boollel. In her interview [Appendix E] she said: it is a pain to find women lawyers who have reached to the top in Mauritius. The top in her opinion, would be To find women barristers or solicitors at the head of law chambers, To create precedence in case law, To make a permanent place for oneself in the profession and, To earning respect from peers, clients, and superiors. Moreover, Mrs. Boollel ascertained that gender discrimination, glass ceilings and income differentials are much less in the public sector than in the private practice. According to her, discrimination is crying out in the private legal sector. It is true that income, salaries and wages are determined by the Pay Research Bureau as far as the public sector lawyers are concerned. The same cannot be said of the private sector. The income received by lawyers in the private practice has never been studied through research. Moreover it is quite uncertain and largely kept secret. Thus any assumptions in this research would not be possible. However examples can be drawn from overseas jurisdictions. In Canada, a study made by Hagan (1990, p. 835 cited in Schultz ans Shaw, 2001, p. 62) attempted to find whether any income differentials existed. The following factors were considered: Specialisation, Years of experience, Law school, Ethnicity, and Employment context. Hagan concluded that the gap in earnings remained even after taking into account all the afore-mentioned factors. In Australia, the table below will shed light on income differentials in the state of New South Wales: Gross Income Male % Female % Total % =$50,000 29.9 48.1 35.7 $50,001- $75,000 22.8 27.0 24.2 $75,001- $100,000 14.0 10.6 12.0 $100,001- $150,000 14.1 6.6 11.9 $150,000+ 13.2 4.0 10.6 Unknown 6.0 3.7 5.6 TOTAL 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Table 5, Source: Schultz and Shaw, 2001, p. 96 The table proves that Australian womens earnings are considerably lower on average than those of their male counterparts. This research would like to point out the incidence of lower earnings for women legal professionals in other countries. Without verifiable data, it would be hard to make suppositions. However the small amount of women in upper echelons of the Mauritian legal practice is a factor contributing to lower earnings for women. Family Responsibility The central quest of this sub-part is to investigate whether a practical framework is available for Mauritian lawyers with family responsibility. Section 5(4) of the Mauritian SDA 2002 clearly defines Family Responsibility. It is the responsibility of an employee to care for or support: a dependent child, and members of the family in need of care. Brockman (1992, cited in Schultz and Shaw, 2002, p. 68) on his research of the Canadian legal establishment censured: the lack of accommodation for family commitments, the lack of flexibility to work on a part time basis and the lack of adequate maternity leave arrangements. The Canadian Bar Association proclaimed its agreement with Brockmans study. It underlined in a 1993 report that: Women lawyers with children are discriminated againstÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ and this results in reduced incomes and fewer opportunities for advancement. Thanks to the Employment Rights Act of 2008, employed female lawyers benefit from leave with or without pay, depending on whether they have worked for more or less than 12 months respectively. Self-employed female law practitioners, on the other hand, can normally make this decision singularly; but with the knowledge that cutting back on work can result in reduced income and fewer possibilities for advancement. On the other side, men are usually dispensed from such concerns. This is mainly because women normally assume primary responsibility for family responsibilities. In the News on Sunday article dated 9th April 2010, findings from the central statistics office were echoed: Working women spend more time than working men on household chores. A working woman has around 1 hour free time less than a working man everyday and on Sundays the working woman spends an average of 4 hours 30 minutes on household chores and caring for children and 2 hours at work compared to a man spending 2 hours and 3 hours respectively on these activities. However, men can also be discriminated against as the law provides for a short period of 5 days of paternity leave. (Section 31 Employment Rights Act 08) This measure both diminishes the importance of fathers in household care and attempts to shape social behavior in order to attribute child care responsibilities principally to women. Considering the above, it can be purported that more concrete strategies are needed to accommodate work and family demands for legal professionals. Sexual Harassment The legislative framework for Sexual Harassment Sexual Harassment is defined in our Mauritian law as the act of humiliating, offending or intimidating another person by making- 1- An unwelcome sexual advance, or an unwelcome request for a sexual favour to that other person; or 2- Engaging in any other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature towards that other person. (The Sex Discrimination Act 2002, section 20) Further, the Criminal Code (Amendment) Act 1998 added a new section 254(1) to the main Criminal Code of 1838 which provides that any person deemed guilty of sexual harassment is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years and to a fine not exceeding 100,000 rupees. Victims of sexual harassment can therefore: Lodge a case in court and sue on the grounds of breach of section 254(1), or Reported the case to the Sexual Discrimination Division [SDD] of the National Human Rights Commission. [NHRC] The SDD employs mediation as a means to settle discrimination and harassment complaints. On August 2006, CEDAW showed its disapproval of the current mediation system: The committee is particularly concerned about the weak enforcement of labour laws by the Sex Discrimination Division of the Human Rights Commission, which apparently opts for mediation rather than the referral of cases of non-compliance with the Sex Discrimination Act to the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Mediation is indeed useful when, for example, the SDD persuades an employer to revise his attitudes towards pregnant employees and not terminate their employment. However for cases where the sexual offenders have caused harm to the victim, soft methods such as mediation can hardly be entertained. Sexual Harassment in the legal environment Sexual harassment has been documented as a significant obstacle to womens abilities to develop their careers in the practice of law. In interviews conducted in 1994-4, Brockman (cited in Schultz and Shaw p. 67) found that lawyers described the effects of sexual harassment to include depression, embarrassment, anger, irritation and distress. To counter these negative effects, Canadian legislation created a law precisely for the legal practice, describing sexual harassment as a professional misconduct. This research investigated whether cases of sexual harassment have ever been lodged by Mauritian lawyers. It has been observed that the SDD received complaints from several occupations, but none are derived from the legal profession. This occurrence is worth studying as several factors may influence the lack of complaints. The Australian Human Rights Commission identified these factors in their key findings. In 2008, only 16% of those who have been sexually harassed in the last five years in the workplace formally reported or made a complaint, compared to 32% in 2003. For those who did not make a complaint in the 2008 national telephone survey: 43% didnt think it was serious enough 15% were fearful of a negative impact on themselves 21% had a lack of faith in the complaint process 29% took care of the problem themselves It can be surmised that the above four factors greatly influence lawyers in their choice not to report sexual harassment cases in Mauritius. Senior Counsel Nominations In the 2008 report of the NHRC, the SDD deplored the fact that: No woman has yet been made Senior Counsel. This statement was enhanced when two years later when, out of the sixteen senior counsels nominated, none were of the female gender. This research will focus on female barristers as female solicitors have been acknowledged with the title of Senior Attorney. In her letter, Mrs Pramila Patten, a leading barrister in Mauritius gave an illuminating description of the Senior Counsel title: The appointment of Senior Counsel provides a clear and public identification of those barristers whose skills, legal experience and personal qualities mark them out as being the best within the legal profession. It is recognition of professional eminence, with those achieving the rank being identified by their peers as leaders in the field of law they practice. For the public, it is a mark of excellence and of a continuing expectation that an individual will consistently perform to the highest standards. In the newspaper NewsNow, an article appeared on the 16th of July 2010, explaining the appointment process of Senior Counsels: Generally, for a legal counsel to receive the accolade of SC, he or she must be recommended by the judges, the Queens Counsels (QC), the SCs and the Chief Justice who will then forward the report to the President of the Republic. It is then the prerogative of the president to approve the recommendations. The amount of women senior counsels in Mauritius being zero, it is now of utmost importance to inspect whether the same happens in the UK for Queens Counsel nominations. The table below depicts the number of women nominated as Queens Counsel (QCs) in Britain: Year Women QCs Men QCs Total 1991 6 67 73 1992 7 62 69 1993 6 64 70 1994 9 68 77 1995 8 63 71 1996 4 62 66 1997 5 63 68 1998 10 50 60 1999 9 60 69 Table 6, Source: Schultz and Shaw, 2003, p. 154 It is often suggested that the low number of women QCs results from the fact that women have only been admitted to the Bar only recently. In Mauritius also, it is judicious to note that normally, barristers who can claim a right to the SC title have up to 10 years or 20 years standing at the Bar in Mauritius. Thus considering the small amount of women who have been nominated [ NB: Refer to Table 2] it is but just not to find any on the list of Senior Counsels. This supposition however cannot be endorsed by factual evidence. Indeed around 10 to 15 female barristers have around 10 to 20 years standing at the bar of Mauritius. Therefore, the amount of experience criterion can be questioned. In order to avoid considering criteria which are not official, it is crucial now to consider the guidelines published by the Chief Justice. They are: Standing in the profession, maturity, professionalism in approach; Credibility, integrity and objectivity in the practice of the profession; Contribution to the development of the law and the legal profession; Known empathy and assisting in inculcating in the younger members the time-honoured traditions of the noble professions; Noted interest in and preoccupation with upholding the ethics of respective professions; Any national or international contribution or exposure relevant to the discipline of the law. Mrs Urmila Boolllel, in the interview she offered to this research, stressed the fact that she personally knows many female lawyers who fit the criteria cited above. Mrs Pramila Patten, in her open letter to the Chief Justice, mentioned the opacity of the appointment process and derived examples from the system employed in the United Kingdom. In UK, the reform of the appointment process was partly inspired by an acknowledgement that women lawyers can be victims of either direct or indirect discrimination such as glass ceiling, confinement to certain areas of law, in turn resulting in the low number of women QCs. In Mauritius, the Sex Discrimination Act 2002ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ as well as the more recently adopted Equal Opportunities Act are not enough to remedy the culture of discrimination experienced by women barristers. It might therefore be judicious to consider the appointment process in Britain so as to bring more diversity to those who are officially proclaimed as a credit to the legal profession. This will be further examined in the next chapter entitled Recommendation Recommendations The creation of a draft equality code to be circulated amongst all legal practitioners. The implementation of professional sanctions for gender discrimination and sexual harassment in court or outside. Efforts must be made to educate the public on the negative impacts of gender stereotypes. In this optic, the Ministry of Education may attempt to remove pictures, examples and illustrations of a stereotypical nature from pre-primary, primary and secondary school syllabus. The creation of a Gender Balance goal in nomination of lawyers by the Council of Legal Education. The setting up of an independent body of selection for Senior Counsels and the appointment of meritorious women senior counsels.